Complete Volcano Guide
Mount Vesuvius: Europe’s Most Famous
Active Volcano
Discover everything about Mount Vesuvius – from its dramatic eruption history to practical visitor information, hiking tips, and how to book your crater tour
Active Volcano
1,281m Height
Last Eruption: 1944
UNESCO Biosphere
Overview • History • Geology • Visiting Info • Hiking Guide • Safety • Tickets & Tours
Volcano Overview
What is Mount Vesuvius?
Essential facts about Italy’s most dangerous and famous volcano
Mount Vesuvius is an active stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, approximately 9 km (5.6 miles) east of Naples. Standing at 1,281 meters (4,203 feet) tall, Vesuvius is best known for its catastrophic eruption in 79 AD that buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under volcanic ash and pumice. Today, it remains one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world due to the 3 million people living in its immediate vicinity.
Quick Facts About Mount Vesuvius
- Location: Gulf of Naples, Campania, Italy
- Height: 1,281 meters (4,203 feet)
- Type: Active stratovolcano
- Last Eruption: March 1944
- Crater Diameter: 600 meters (1,969 feet)
- Status: Active, continuously monitored
Vesuvius crater rim with views of Naples Bay
Vesuvius is part of the Campanian volcanic arc, a series of volcanoes formed by the subduction of the African plate beneath the Eurasian plate. The volcano has erupted many times throughout history, with varying degrees of explosivity. Its most famous eruption in 79 AD was a Plinian eruption – the most explosive type of volcanic event – which sent an eruption column 33 kilometers (20 miles) into the atmosphere.
Today, Mount Vesuvius is one of the most closely monitored volcanoes in the world. The Vesuvius Observatory, established in 1841, continuously tracks seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas emissions. Despite being dormant since 1944, scientists consider Vesuvius extremely dangerous due to its explosive potential and the dense population in the surrounding area. The Italian government has developed comprehensive evacuation plans for the estimated 600,000 people living in the “red zone” – the area at highest risk from pyroclastic flows.
Why Visit Mount Vesuvius?
Experience one of the world’s most famous volcanoes up close
Hike an Active Volcano
Walk to the crater rim of Europe's most famous active volcano and peer into the volcanic crater. See fumaroles releasing volcanic gases and experience the raw power of nature.
Breathtaking Views
Enjoy panoramic views of the Bay of Naples, Capri, Sorrento, and the Amalfi Coast from the summit. On clear days, you Mediterranean Sea stretching to the can see Pompeii ruins below and the horizon.
Rich History
Stand on the volcano that buried Pompeii in 79 AD. Learn about volcanic geology, eruption history, and the ongoing monitoring efforts that keep millions of people safe today.
Eruption History
Mount Vesuvius Eruption History
From the catastrophic 79 AD eruption to modern volcanic activity
The 79 AD Eruption: Pompeii and Herculaneum
The most famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred on August 24, 79 AD, when the volcano erupted catastrophically after centuries of dormancy. This Plinian eruption sent a column of volcanic ash, pumice, and gases 33 kilometers (20 miles) into the stratosphere, which then collapsed and buried the prosperous Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under meters of volcanic material.
The eruption lasted approximately 24 hours and killed an estimated 16,000 people. The volcanic ash and pumice preserved the cities in remarkable detail, creating a time capsule of Roman life. Bodies, buildings, frescoes, and everyday objects were sealed under the volcanic deposits, remaining hidden until excavations began in the 18th century.
The only detailed eyewitness account comes from Pliny the Younger, who observed the eruption from Misenum across the Bay of Naples. His letters to the historian Tacitus provide invaluable scientific descriptions of the eruption, which is why this type of explosive volcanic event is now called a “Plinian eruption.”
Pompeii ruins preserved by Vesuvius eruption
Major Eruptions Throughout History
Major Eruptions Throughout History
Plinian
Catastrophic eruption that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum. Eruption column reached 33 km high. Estimated 16,000 casualties. Most famous volcanic disaster in history.
1631 - Major Eruption
Sub-Plinian
Violent eruption after 500 years of dormancy. Killed approximately 4,000 people. Pyroclastic flows reached the coast. Changed the volcano’s cone shape significantly.
1906 - 20th Century Eruption
Violent Strombolian
Largest eruption of the 20th century. Ejected 20 million cubic meters of lava. Destroyed several villages. Over 100 casualties. Crater diameter increased significantly.
1944 - Most Recent Eruption
Strombolian
Last eruption to date. Occurred during World War II. Destroyed villages of San Sebastiano and Massa. Lava flows and ash fall. 26 casualties. Volcano has been dormant since.
Current Volcanic Status
Mount Vesuvius has been dormant since 1944 but remains an active volcano under constant surveillance. The Vesuvius Observatory monitors seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and temperature changes 24/7. While the volcano shows no signs of imminent eruption, scientists warn that future eruptions are inevitable. The Italian government maintains comprehensive evacuation plans for the 600,000 people living in the high-risk “red zone.”
Volcano Science
Vesuvius Geology and Formation
Understanding the science behind Europe’s most dangerous volcano
How Mount Vesuvius Formed
Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano (also called a composite volcano) formed by the subduction of the African tectonic plate beneath the Eurasian plate. This tectonic collision creates a zone of intense volcanic activity along the Campanian volcanic arc, which includes Vesuvius, the Phlegraean Fields, and the island of Ischia.
Stratovolcano Structure
Vesuvius is built from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, pumice, and tephra. This layered structure makes stratovolcanoes steep-sided and prone to explosive eruptions. The current cone sits inside the caldera of Monte Somma, an older volcano that partially collapsed during the 79 AD eruption.
- Multiple layers of volcanic material
- Steep slopes (average 35-40 degrees)
- Central vent with crater at summit
Magma Composition
Vesuvius produces intermediate to silica-rich magma (andesite to phonolite), which is highly viscous and gas-rich. This composition leads to explosive eruptions rather than gentle lava flows. The high gas content creates tremendous pressure that can result in violent Plinian eruptions.
- Multiple layers of volcanic material
- High silica content (explosive potential)
- High silica content (explosive potential)
Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic Flows
Fast-moving currents of hot gas, ash, and volcanic rock that can reach speeds of 700 km/h and temperatures of 1000°C. The most deadly volcanic hazard, responsible for most casualties in the 79 AD eruption.
Ash Fall
Volcanic ash ejected into the atmosphere that falls over wide areas. Can collapse roofs, contaminate water supplies, disrupt air travel, and cause respiratory problems. Pompeii was buried under 4-6 meters of ash.
Lahars (Mudflows)
Volcanic mudflows formed when ash mixes with water from rain or melted snow. Can travel long distances down valleys at high speeds, burying everything in their path with concrete-like volcanic debris.
Volcanic Gases
Toxic gases including sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide released during eruptions. Can cause asphyxiation and acid rain. Fumaroles in the crater still emit volcanic gases today.
Vesuvius Observatory: Monitoring the Volcano
The Vesuvius Observatory, established in 1841, is the world’s oldest volcanological observatory. Today, it uses cutting-edge technology to monitor the volcano 24/7, tracking seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, temperature changes, and magnetic field variations. This comprehensive monitoring system provides early warning of potential volcanic unrest.
Seismic Monitoring
Ground Deformation
Gas Analysis
Temperature Tracking
Visitor Information
How to Visit Mount Vesuvius
Complete guide to planning your Vesuvius crater visit
Opening Hours and Best Time to Visit
Opening Hours
April - October (Summer)
9:00 AM - 6:00 PM daily (last entry 5:00 PM)
November - March (Winter)
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM daily (last entry 4:00 PM)
Weather Closures
Closed during severe weather, high winds, or volcanic activity
Best Time to Visit
Optimal Seasons
Spring (March-May) and Fall (September-November) offer ideal weather and fewer crowds
Best Time of Day
Early morning (8-10 AM) for clearest views and fewer visitors
Avoid Peak Times
Weekends and July-August are busiest. Book tickets in advance
Ticket Prices and Entry Fees
Getting to Mount Vesuvius
By Public Transport
Take the Circumvesuviana train from Naples to Ercolano Scavi station (20 minutes). From there, catch the EAV bus to Vesuvius parking area (30 minutes). Buses run hourly in summer, less frequently in winter.
Cost: €2.50 train + €10 bus (round-trip)
Total journey: approximately 1 hour from Naples
By Car
Drive from Naples via A3 motorway, exit at Ercolano. Follow signs to “Vesuvio” up the winding mountain road. Journey takes 30-40 minutes depending on traffic. Parking available at base station.
Parking: €5 at base station
Limited spaces during peak season – arrive early
Organized Tours
Book a tour with round-trip transport from Naples, Sorrento, or Pompeii. Tours include skip-the-line tickets, expert guide, and hassle-free transportation. Most convenient option for first-time visitors.
Cost: €45-85 depending on tour type
Includes transport, tickets, and guide
By Taxi
Hire a taxi from Naples or nearby towns. Negotiate a round-trip fare including waiting time. Most expensive option but offers flexibility and convenience. Ensure driver waits or arrange pickup time.
Cost: €80-120 round-trip from Naples
Negotiate price before departure
Hiking Guide
Hiking Mount Vesuvius Crater Trail
Everything you need to know about the Vesuvius hiking trail
Trail Information
850m
Trail Distance
200m
Elevation Gain
30 min
Ascent Time
Moderate
Difficulty Level
Trail Description
The Vesuvius crater trail is a well-maintained but challenging path that winds up the volcanic cone from the parking area at 1,000 meters to the crater rim at 1,281 meters. The trail is steep, rocky, and exposed with no shade, requiring moderate fitness and proper footwear. The path is wide enough for two people but can be crowded during peak times.
The ascent takes approximately 30 minutes at a steady pace, while the descent takes about 20 minutes. Once at the crater rim, you can walk around part of the crater edge (approximately 600 meters diameter) on a designated path. The views from the summit are spectacular, encompassing the Bay of Naples, Capri, Sorrento, the Amalfi Coast, and on clear days, you can see Pompeii ruins below.
What to Bring for Your Hike
Essential Items
Sturdy Hiking Boots
Trail shoes with good grip essential - volcanic path is steep and rocky
Water (1+ Liter)
No water sources on trail - bring at least 1 liter per person
Sun Protection
Hat, sunglasses, and SPF 50+ sunscreen - no shade on trail
Light Clothing
Breathable layers - can be hot in summer, cool in winter
Essential Items
Camera
Spectacular photo opportunities from crater rim
Snacks
Energy bars or fruit for the hike
Light Jacket
Can be windy at crater rim, especially in cooler months
Charged Phone
For photos and emergency contact
Hiking Tips from Local Guides
Before You Start
- Arrive early (8-9 AM) for best views and fewer crowds
- Use restrooms at parking area – none on trail
- Check weather forecast – trail closes in bad weather
- Bring cash for parking and souvenirs
- Allow 2 hours total for round-trip hike
On the Trail
- Take your time – it’s steep and altitude affects breathing
- Stay on marked path – volcanic rock is unstable
- Watch for loose rocks, especially on descent
- Take breaks to enjoy views and catch your breath
- Follow guide instructions if on organized tour
Safety Information
Vesuvius Safety Guidelines
Important safety information for visiting an active volcano
Important: Active Volcano Warning
Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano that could erupt again. While currently dormant and safe to visit, the volcano is continuously monitored by the Vesuvius Observatory. In the unlikely event of increased volcanic activity, the park will be immediately closed and evacuation procedures initiated. Always follow instructions from park staff and local authorities.
The last eruption was in 1944, and scientists cannot predict when the next eruption will occur. However, modern monitoring systems provide early warning of volcanic unrest, typically days to weeks before an eruption.
Safety Rules and Regulations
Essential Items
- Stay on marked trails at all times
- Follow instructions from park staff and guides
- Wear proper hiking footwear with good grip
- Bring sufficient water and sun protection
- Respect barriers and warning signs
- Take all trash with you
Don'ts
- Don't leave marked trails or enter restricted areas
- Don't throw rocks or disturb volcanic formations
- Don't visit in sandals, flip-flops, or dress shoes
- Don't attempt the hike in severe weather
- Don't get too close to crater edge
- Don't litter or damage vegetation
Health and Fitness Requirements
The Vesuvius crater hike requires moderate physical fitness. The trail is steep, rocky, and gains 200 meters in elevation over 850 meters of distance. Visitors should be able to walk uphill continuously for 30 minutes and navigate uneven terrain. The hike is not suitable for everyone.
Not Recommended For:
- People with heart conditions or respiratory problems
- Pregnant women (consult doctor first)
- Young children (under 8 years old)
- People with mobility issues or knee problems
- Wheelchair users (trail not accessible)
Medical Considerations:
- Altitude can affect breathing - take breaks as needed
- Volcanic gases may irritate sensitive airways
- Bring any necessary medications
- Stay hydrated to prevent altitude sickness
- Consult your doctor if you have health concerns
Emergency Contact Information
Emergency Services (Italy): 112
Vesuvius National Park: +39 081 777 5720
Mountain Rescue: 118
Vesuvius Observatory: +39 081 610 8483
Book Your Visit
Vesuvius Tickets and Tours
Skip the line and book your Vesuvius crater experience online
Standard Entry
€10
- Skip-the-line crater access
- Self-guided hiking
- Free cancellation 24h
Guided Tour
€35
- Expert volcanologist guide
- 2-hour comprehensive tour
- Small group (max 15)
All tickets include skip-the-line access and free cancellation up to 24 hours before your visit
Secure Booking
Mobile Tickets
18,000+ Reviews
Frequently Asked Questions
Common Questions About Visiting Vesuvius
Is it safe to visit Mount Vesuvius?
Yes, it is safe to visit Mount Vesuvius. While it is an active volcano, it has been dormant since 1944 and is continuously monitored 24/7 by the Vesuvius Observatory. The monitoring systems can detect signs of volcanic unrest days to weeks before an eruption, providing ample time for evacuation. The park would be immediately closed if any dangerous activity were detected.
How long does it take to hike Mount Vesuvius?
The hike from the parking area to the crater rim takes approximately 30 minutes uphill and 20 minutes downhill. Allow 2 hours total for the round-trip hike including time to walk around the crater rim and enjoy the views. Guided tours typically last 2 hours including the hike and explanations from the volcanologist guide..
Do I need to book tickets in advance?
Yes, advance booking is highly recommended, especially during peak season (April-October). Daily visitor capacity is limited to protect the volcanic environment. Skip-the-line tickets guarantee entry at your chosen time and help you avoid long queues at the ticket office. Tickets can be purchased online up to 6 months in advance.
What should I wear to hike Vesuvius?
Wear sturdy hiking boots or trail shoes with good grip – the volcanic path is steep, rocky, and can be slippery. Sandals, flip-flops, and dress shoes are not suitable. Bring sun protection (hat, sunglasses, sunscreen), light breathable clothing, and a light jacket as it can be windy at the crater rim. Bring at least 1 liter of water per person.
Can I visit Vesuvius and Pompeii in one day?
Yes, many visitors combine Vesuvius and Pompeii in one day. The sites are only 30 minutes apart. We recommend booking a combo tour that includes transport, skip-the-line tickets, and expert guides for both sites. Alternatively, visit Vesuvius in the morning (cooler temperatures, better views) and Pompeii in the afternoon. Allow a full day (8 hours) for both attractions.
When is the best time to visit Mount Vesuvius?
The best time to visit is during spring (March-May) or fall (September-November) when weather is mild and crowds are smaller. Early morning (8-10 AM) offers the clearest views and fewest visitors. Summer (June-August) is hot and crowded but has extended hours. Winter (December-February) has fewer tourists but weather can be unpredictable with possible closures.
